משתמש:Roy1944/יחסי ישראל-אתיופיה
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דף זה אינו ערך אנציקלופדי
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| דף זה אינו ערך אנציקלופדי | |
| יחסי ישראל–אתיופיה | |
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| . | |
| ישראל | אתיופיה |
| שטח (בקילומטר רבוע) | |
| 22,072 | 1,104,300 |
| אוכלוסייה | |
| 9,893,867 | 129,161,885 |
| תמ"ג (במיליוני דולרים) | |
| 522,033 | 126,783 |
| תמ"ג לנפש (בדולרים) | |
| 52,763 | 982 |
יחסי ישראל אתיופיה הוא הכינוי לו זכו היחסים הדיפלומטיים הרשמיים בין שתי המדינות, אשר התחילו בשנת 1992. לאתיופיה שגרירות בתל אביב ואילו לישראל שגרירות באדיס אבבה.
ישראל ואתיופיה מקיימות ביניהן יחסים של שלום ושיתוף פעולה. בין המדינות מתרחש מסחר הכולל יבוא וייצוא של סחורות, כמו גם שיתוף פעולה בעניין עלייתם של בני הקהילה לישראל.
ביוני 2004 נחתם הסכם לשיתוף פעולה תרבותי-חינוכי בין המדינות. בפגישה שנערכה בין ראש ממשלת אתיופיה ושר החוץ סילבן שלום, אמר ראש ממשלת אתיופיה כי "אתיופיה מעוניינת לסיים את הליך הבאת הפלשמורה לישראל בהקדם האפשרי וממשלת אתיופיה תסייע ככל שתוכל", והדגיש את חשיבות התיאום בין המדינות בנושא. לצורך זה ביקשה אתיופיה כי ישראל תעגן בחקיקה את החלטתה של ממשלת ישראל להעלות את בני הפלשמורה עד סוף 2007.
ישראל הייתה אחד מהספקים הכי אמינים של אתיופיה בסיוע צבאי, בעיקר משום שבישראל האמינו שאם יתמכו באתיופיה צבאית, מדינות ערב לא יהיו מסוגלות לשלוט בים סוף ובאב אל מנדב, המהווה פורקן הדרומי. כמו כן ישראל הייתה מעורבת במלחמה באריתריאה.
עידן הקיסרות[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]
During the imperial era, Israeli advisers trained paratroops and counterinsurgency units belonging to the Fifth Division (also called the Nebelbal, 'Flame', Division).[1] In December 1960, a section of the Ethiopian army attempted a coup whilst the Emperor Haile Sellassie I was on a state visit in Brazil. Israel intervened, so that the Emperor could communicate directly with general Abbiye. General Abbiye and his troops remained loyal to the Emperor, and the rebellion was crushed.[2]
In the early 1960s, Israel started helping the Ethiopian government in its campaigns against the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).[1][2] The Ethiopian government portrayed the Eritrean rebellion as an Arab threat to the African region, an argument that convinced the Israelis to side with the Ethiopian government in the conflict.[3] Israel trained counter-insurgency forces in order to counter the armed struggle of the ELF. Israel considered the Eritrean liberation struggle as supported by Arab states and feared that a pro-Arab independent Eritrea would block Israeli to pass through the Rea Sea. The Governor General of Eritrea, Asrate Medhin Kassa, had an Israeli Military Attaché as his advisor. The Israeli colonel Ben Nathaw was put in charge of a military training school at Decamare. The Israeli colonel Don was put in command of the training team of the Ethiopian Marine Commando Forces.[1][2]
The Ethiopian-Israeli cooperation had impacts on the discourse of the Eritrean rebel movements, which increasingly began to use anti-Zionist rhetoric. It also enabled the Eritreans to mobilize material support from the Arab and Islamic world.[4]
As the war developed, Israeli assistance to the Ethiopian government was increased. By 1966, there were around 100 Israeli military advisors in Ethiopia. By 1967, troops trained by Israeli advisors had taken control over much of Eritrea.[2]
Parallel to the war in Eritrea, violence had also broken out in Oromia. At the time, Israel was accused of aiding the Ethiopian government in crushing the Oromo resistance. Overall a perception was spread amongst the opposition movements in Ethiopia that Mossad was actively operating inside Ethiopia, aiding the Ethiopian government in persecution of the opposition. That perception had a stark impact on the functioning of rebel movements, as their leaderships began to undertake harsh security measures in response.[4]
The Israeli perception that the war in Eritrea was a southern extension of the wider Arab-Israeli conflict was reinforced when reports of links between the ELF and Palestine Liberation Organization emerged after the June 1967 war.[5] In 1969 the Israeli government had proposed the formation of an anti-Pan-Arab alliance consisting of the United States, Israel, Ethiopia, Iran and Turkey. Ethiopia had however rejected the proposal. In 1971, the Israeli Chief of Staff Bar Lev made a visit to Ethiopia, during which he presented proposals for deepening of Israeli-Ethiopian cooperation. The Ethiopians turned down the Israeli proposals but nevertheless, Ethiopia became internationally accused of having given concessions to Israel for setting up Israeli military bases on Ethiopian islands in the Red Sea. Ethiopia consistently denied all such accusations.
However, in 1972 North Yemen and South Yemen began (with the backing of the rest of the Arab world) claiming the islands as theirs, citing the danger of Israeli military bases in the area. Israel offered Ethiopia military assistance in the event of a Yemeni take-over of the islands, but Ethiopia turned down the offer fearing a political backlash. Still, Ethiopia was attacked at the 1973 OAU summit in Addis Abeba by the Libyan delegation, accusing Ethiopia of allowing the build-up of Israeli bases on its territory. At the summit the Algerian president Houari Boumediène called on Ethiopia to break its relations with Israel. In return, Boumediène offered to use his political leverage to freeze Arab support for the ELF.[6][7]
The allegations of possible Israeli military bases on the islands of the Eritrean coast surfaced again soon thereafter, at a summit of Foreign Ministers of Islamic countries, held in Benghazi, Libya. The Benghazi meeting condemned Ethiopian-Israeli cooperation, and pledged support for the ELF.[6][8]
Ethiopian Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Wold began seeking political support for breaking relations with Israel after the OAU summit. After long discussions, the cabinet voted to severe diplomatic links with Israel. The decision was however censored by a veto from the Emperor. At the time of the October 1973 war, many African states severed their relations with Israel. This put pressure on the Emperor to withdraw his veto, and on October 23, 1973 Ethiopia severed its diplomatic relations with Israel. The break of relations with Israel caused the United States to tone down its support to Imperial rule in Ethiopia.[7]
במהלך שלטונו של מנגיסטו היילה מריאם[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]
Even after Ethiopia broke diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973, Israel quietly continued to supply military aid to Ethiopia. This assistance continued after the Derg came to power in 1974 and included spare parts and ammunition for U.S.-made weapons and service for U.S.-made F-5 jet fighters. Israel also maintained a small group of military advisers in Addis Ababa.[1]
In 1978, however, when former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Dayan admitted that Israel had been providing security assistance to Ethiopia, Mengistu Haile Mariam expelled all Israelis so that he might preserve his relationship with radical Arab states such as Libya and South Yemen. Although, Addis Ababa claimed it had terminated its military relationship with Israel, military cooperation continued. In 1983, for example, Israel provided communications training, and in 1984 Israeli advisers trained the Presidential Guard and Israeli technical personnel served with the police. Some Western observers believed that Israel provided military assistance to Ethiopia in exchange for Mengistu's tacit cooperation during Operation Moses in 1984, in which 10,000 Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) were evacuated to Israel. In 1985 Israel reportedly sold Addis Ababa at least US$20 million in Soviet-made munitions and spare parts captured from Palestinians in Lebanon. According to the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), the Mengistu regime received US$83 million worth of Israeli military aid in 1987, and Israel deployed some 300 military advisers to Ethiopia. Additionally, the EPLF claimed that thirty-eight Ethiopian pilots had gone to Israel for training.[1]
As Mengistu's allies in the Socialist Bloc went into a state of crisis and division, Ethiopia began to put more emphasis on relations with Israel.[9] In 1989 formal diplomatic relations between the two states were reinstated.[10] In late 1989, Israel reportedly finalized a secret agreement to provide increased military assistance to Addis Ababa in exchange for Mengistu's promise to allow Ethiopia's remaining Beta Israel to emigrate to Israel. In addition, the two nations agreed to restore diplomatic relations (Israel opened an embassy in Addis Ababa on December 17, 1989) and to increase intelligence cooperation. Mengistu apparently believed that Israel, unlike the Soviet Union, whose military advisers emphasized conventional tactics, could provide the training and matériel needed to transform the Ethiopian army into a counterinsurgency force capable of defeating Eritrean and Tigrayan separatists.[1]
During 1990 Israeli-Ethiopian relations continued to prosper. According to a New York Times report, Tel Aviv furnished an array of military assistance to Addis Ababa, including 150,000 rifles, cluster bombs, ten to twenty military advisers to train Mengistu's Presidential Guard, and an unknown number of instructors to work with Ethiopian commando units. Unconfirmed reports also suggested that Israel had provided the Ethiopian Air Force with surveillance cameras and had agreed to train Ethiopian pilots.[1]
עליית ביתא ישראל[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]
In return for this aid, Ethiopia permitted the emigration of the Beta Israel. Departures in the spring reached about 500 people a month before Ethiopian officials adopted new emigration procedures that reduced the figure by more than two-thirds. The following year, Tel Aviv and Addis Ababa negotiated another agreement whereby Israel provided agricultural, economic, and health assistance. Also, in May 1991, as the Mengistu regime neared its end, Israel paid US$35 million in cash to allow nearly 15,000 Beta Israel to emigrate from Ethiopia to Israel.[1]
בתמורה לסיוע אותו העניקה ישראל לאתיופיה במגוון תחומים, הרשתה אתיופיה את ההגירה של ביתא ישראל. יציאות באביב הגיעו כ 500 אנשים חודש לפני פקידי אתיופיה אימצו נהלי ההגירה החדש כי הקטינה את הדמות של יותר משני שלישים. שנה לאחר מכן, ישראל ואתיופיה חתמו על הסכם נוסף לפיו ישראל סיפקה לאתיופיה ציוד חקלאי, כלכלי וסיוע בריאותי. כמו כן, בחודש מאי 1991, כאשר משטרו של מנגיסטו התקרב לסיומו, שילמה ישראל 35 מיליון דולר במזומן, כדי לאפשר ל- 15,000 מקהילת ביתא ישראל להגר מאתיופיה לישראל..[1]
ראה גם[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]
קישורים חיצוניים[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה]
קטגוריה:Bilateral relations of Ethiopia
קטגוריה:Bilateral relations of Israel
- ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ethiopia-Israel
- ^ 1 2 3 4 Pateman, Roy. Eritrea: even the stones are burning. Lawrenceville, NJ [u.a.]: Red Sea Press, 1998. pp. 96-97
- ^ Iyob, Ruth. The Eritrean Struggle for Independence: Domination, Resistance, Nationalism, 1941-1993. African studies series, 82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 108
- ^ 1 2 Lata, Leenco. The Ethiopian State at the Crossroads: Decolonisation and Democratisation or Disintegration? Lawrenceville, N.J. [u.a.]: Red Sea, 1999. pp. 95-96
- ^ Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991. Pitt series in policy and institutional studies. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991. p.
- ^ 1 2 Spencer, John H. Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years. [S.l.]: Tsehai Pub, 2006. pp. 322-323
- ^ 1 2 Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974-1987: A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. LSE monographs in international studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp. 31-32
- ^ Situation in the Horn; HIM's Visit
- ^ Africa - Ethiopia - General Information
- ^ Tiruneh, Andargachew. The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974-1987: A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. LSE monographs in international studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 360